Leopold Museum<\/a> is the best place to feel the dynamic power of modern Austrian art. <\/p>\n\n\n\nHousing around 6,000 works of art — including the world’s most comprehensive collection of the talented, enigmatic Egon Schiele — the Leopold Museum takes you on a journey from the 1860s to the Wiener Secession, through the stylish era of Jugendstil, and into Expressionism. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Like Tina Turner’s version of Proud Mary<\/em>, a visit to the Leopold starts you off “nice and easy” … then undulates you across a kaleidoscopic wave of creative movements … and leaves you feeling “nice and rough.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\nMill in South Tyrol<\/em>, 1875 (above left) by Robert Russ and Woman in Black Gown<\/em>, 1873 (right) by Hans Makart<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nPortrait of a Changing Europe at the Leopold Museum <\/h2>\n\n\n\n In mid-19th century Europe, would-be artists born in Austria and other centers of culture were trained under the strict influence of academies of art, where the subject matter they painted was simplified and idealized. Classical, mythological, historical and religious themes were encouraged and prized; whereas contemporary advances, trends and social concerns were ignored. In Vienna, Robert Russ depicted landscapes in a pure, classical style and Hans Makart began incorporating decoration into his canvases as he veered away from Academic art and toward Symbolism.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Coastal Landscape<\/em>. 1866 (above) by Gustave Courbet<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nPaintings from the 19th century at the Leopold Museum include “Seated Young Girl,” 1894 (above left) by Gustav Klimt, “Dance of the Elves” from 1899 (above right) by Josef Maria Auchentaller and “Landscape with Waterfall,” 1866 (below) by Gustave Courbet. Auchentaller (1865 — 1949), an architect, created paintings in the style of Art Nouveau and Japonisme<\/em>, popular movements during that time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Landscape with Waterfall<\/em> by Courbet<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nThe major population centers in Continental Europe between 1850 and 1900 were Paris, Vienna, Berlin and Saint Petersburg. The French painter Gustave Courbet (1819 — 1877) rejected the Academic art and Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists and became the leader of the Realism movement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Courbet committed himself to painting only what he could see. By championing realistic depictions of ordinary life and immediacy, he paved the way to Impressionism and beyond. In the Leopold’s splendid “Landscape with Waterfall” (above) we see that Courbet used a spatula and palette knife to color treetops, rocks and the waterfall. This represented a considerable departure from Academic art, where all surfaces appeared smooth and slick.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Forest Pond with Water Lilies<\/em>, 1900 (above) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nCarl Moll<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Adopting inspiration and techniques from Courbet and the French Impressionists, Carl Moll (1861 — 1945) became one of the most prominent Jugendstil {Art Nouveau} painters in Vienna at the start of the 20th century. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
You will notice that the surface of Moll’s impressive canvases are textured. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Salon at the House on Hohe Warte<\/em>, 1903 (above) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Twilight<\/em>, 1902 (above) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Anna Moll at the Writing Desk<\/em>, 1903 (above) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Interior with Flower Bouquet<\/em>, 1904 (above) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Kneeling Boy<\/em>, 1897 (above left) by the Belgian sculptor George Minne and In My Studio<\/em>, 1906 (right) by Carl Moll<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nSophistication, Diversity & Cultural Blossoming in fin-de-si\u00e8cle Vienna<\/h2>\n\n\n\n In many ways, Vienna between 1890 and 1918 resembled modern Western cities of today. As the principal metropolis of the Austro-Hungarian empire and the center of its government and commerce, Vienna became one of the first multi-ethnic, modern cities. The elegant Ringstrasse in the center of Vienna was simultaneously the seat of rigid Conservatism, the aristocracy and liberal Intellectualism — surrounded by huge slums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Situated at the nexus of Eastern European and Western European cultures, Vienna in 1900 was a magnet for migrants from present-day Poland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Lithuania, and home to diverse ethnolinguistic groups of Hungarians, Slavs, Austro-Germans and others present in the vast Habsburg empire. This amazing diversity gave rise in Austria to modern architecture & art, the twelve-tone technique in music, psychoanalysis and major schools of thought in the realms of philosophy, law and economics. However, this cultural blossoming took place as the political power of the empire was waning and internal stability was jeopardized by rising ethnic conflicts, anti-Semitism and political tensions. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Elf at the Brook<\/em>, 1898-1899 (above) by Josef Maria Auchentaller<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nThe Secession Elevated the Applied Arts to the Same Status as Painting<\/h2>\n\n\n\n With the founding of the Vienna Secession in 1897, the goals and vision of Gustav Klimt, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser were made clear: to infuse art into every facet of human life, to initiate an exchange of ideas with artists outside of Austria, and to create a “total art” that unified all of the visual and creative arts. Thus, for the first time, applied and decorative arts were elevated to a new level equal to that of architecture and painting. Over time, a concept for the production of modern decorative art was developed, leading to the establishment in 1903 of the Wiener Werkst\u00e4tte.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nWe have described the Leopold as one of the greatest museums in Vienna today because the curatorial staff does an excellent job of integrating the glassware, fabrics, jewelry, photographs, leather goods, ceramics, furniture, metalwork, antiques, graphic art and decorative objects from the permanent collection (and loans from private collections) with the most comprehensive and important assemblage of modern Austrian paintings acquired over five decades by Elisabeth and Rudolf Leopold. The Leopold Museum opened in 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Brooch<\/em>, 1907 (above) designed by Josef Hoffmann<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nJosef Hoffmann<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Well-known internationally as an architect and designer, Josef Hoffmann (1870 — 1956) was one of the founders of the Vienna Secession, and he co-founded the Wiener Werkst\u00e4tte with Koloman Moser. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
In the Hohe Warte district in Vienna, Hoffmann built a duplex house on a hill overlooking the city for the families of Carl Moll and Koloman Moser. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Brooch<\/em>, 1911 by Josef Hoffmann (above). The painting Rainy Day<\/em>, 1914 & Furniture from Salon Hellmann, 1904 by Koloman Moser (below)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nKoloman Moser<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Koloman Moser (1868 — 1918) was an influential figure in the development of twentieth-century graphic art, furniture design, fabrics and painting. He reacted to the Baroque decadence of turn-of-the-century Vienna by drawing inspiration from the classical lines found in ancient art and architecture from Greece and Rome.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Mountain Ranges<\/em>, 1913 (above) by Koloman Moser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Spring<\/em>, 1913 (above left) and Venus in the Grotto<\/em>, 1914 (above right) by Koloman Moser <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Leysen<\/em>, 1913 (above) by Koloman Moser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
The Lovepotion (Tristan and Isolde)<\/em>, 1913-15 (above) & Furniture by Koloman Moser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Vase<\/em>, 1900 by Koloman Moser (above)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nIn addition to being a first-rate painter, Moser was perhaps the most multitalented artist of his era, designing books, porcelains, stained-glass, jewelry, furniture, fashion, ceramics, tableware, and Austria’s leading art journal Ver Sacrum<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Inlaid Armoire & Chair (above) by Koloman Moser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Two Cube Shaped Vases<\/em>, 1900 (above) decorated by Koloman Moser<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Photograph of Medicine<\/em>, 1900-1907 (above) by Gustav Klimt <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nExploring Human Complexity in a More Secular Society<\/h2>\n\n\n\n The Vienna Secession contributed to a growth in Liberalism — which moderated religious dictates and led to a reexamination of human sexuality — allowing Viennese artists to engender paintings with erotic themes like never before in the history of art.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
This frank and unabashed exploration of the power of sexuality by Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele and the Secessionists also informed the tenets of Sigmund Freud, whose theories on human behavior (motivated by instinctual drives, including libido and sex) created a revolution in thought regarding the nature of the human psyche. Freud was born in the Habsburg empire; he lived and worked in Vienna. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
By 1900, Vienna rivaled Paris to become an intellectual and cultural center of the Western World, bursting with energy, challenging traditional norms, embracing new fashions and ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Box at the Sophiensaal<\/em>, 1903 (above) by Josef Engelhart<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Capriccio with Gilded Fan<\/em>, 1907 (above) by Emil Orlik<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nAfter becoming a member of the Vienna Secession in 1899, Emil Orlik broke new ground for the Secessionists by leaving his native Prague in 1900 (at the age of 29) and traveling to Kyoto and Tokyo. His interest in learning the technical aspects of creating ukiyo-e {Japanese woodblock color prints} later served as the basis for the paintings and printed graphics Orlik created when he moved his studio to Vienna in 1904. “Capriccio with Gilded Fan” (above), to quote the words of the Leopold’s curators, “combines Japanese and Secessionist elements in a sublime way by uniting the flatness of the stylized floral ornament with the off-center, foreground figure in a square picture format.” <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Lady in Red<\/em>, 1909 (above) by Otto Friedrich<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Female Nude in Front of Mirror<\/em>, 1907 (above) by Max Kurzweil<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nPaintings by Blau, Kolig, Kokoschka, Gerstl & List at the Leopold<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nOther notable works of art in the Leopold collection include paintings by the Expressionists Anton Kolig (above left) and Oskar Kokoschka (above right), Richard Gerstl (below left) and the landscape artist Tina Blau (below right).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Still Life with Fruit and Book<\/em>, 1911 (above) by Anton Kolig<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\nDay and Night<\/em> by Wilhelm List<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\nImage in White and Black<\/em>, 1904 by Wilhelm List<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nGustav Klimt<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Detail from the Study for the Ceiling Painting in the Burgtheater The Altar of Dionysus<\/em>, 1886 (above) by Gustav Klimt<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n\n\nWhile the Belvedere Museum owns the world’s largest and most impressive collection of paintings (24 in all) by Gustav Klimt (1862 — 1918), the Leopold possesses numerous gems created by Klimt, including “The Blind Man” from 1896 (above left), “Lady with a Lilac Scarf” painted between 1880 and 1882 (above right), and a drawing from 1886 entitled Study for Juliet (below) for the ceiling painting “Theater of Shakespeare” in the Burgtheater.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
On Lake Attersee<\/em>, 1900 (above) by Gustav Klimt<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nA Masterpiece by Klimt at the Leopold Museum<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Death and Life<\/em>, 1910 – 1917 (above) by Gustav Klimt<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nGustav Klimt’s masterpiece entitled “Death and Life” would certainly have been of interest to Sigmund Freud. On the right side of this colorful canvas, one finds the positive emotions associated with the Life Drive as described by Freud: love, procreation, affection, harmonious social cooperation — all of which are essential for the continuation of the species. Freud famously declared “the aim of all life is death” and believed that humans have an unconscious desire to die; however, he concluded that instincts from the Life Drive temper most such wishes. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
When the World’s Fair was held in Rome in 1911, Klimt’s “Death and Life” won first prize and traveled for exhibit in several European cities. In 1915, Klimt added new mosaics to this famous work and changed the gold-colored background to grey. Unlike Schiele’s portrayal of death, we feel Klimt infused a sense of hope into “Death and Life”: the contented human figures he painted appear to be disregarding the figure of death (on the left) rather than feeling threatened by it. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Litzlbergkeller<\/em>, 1915-1916 (above) by Gustav Klimt<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nEgon Schiele<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Stylized Flowers in Front of Decorative Background<\/em>, 1908 (above) by Egon Schiele (1890 — 1918)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nIn 1906 (at the age of 16) Egon Schiele entered the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts and within a year met and befriended Gustav Klimt, who would become Schiele’s mentor. Schiele’s early works of art (1907-1909) show the influence of Kokoschka and Art Nouveau, and possess strong similarities with those of Klimt.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Calvary<\/em>, 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nKlimt was known for generously guiding the careers of younger artists, and he took a particular interest in the talented and highly promising Schiele (who was 28 years his junior). In 1909, Schiele left the Vienna Academy and (at Klimt’s invitation) exhibited his art at the Vienna Kunstschau, where Schiele experienced his first encounter with paintings by Vincent van Gogh (to whom Schiele painted tributes) and Edvard Munch. In the following year, Schiele would altogether abandon the Jugendstil style of the Secession.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Self-Portrait with Chinese Lantern Plant<\/em>, 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n1910-1912 Marked Success, a Radical Turn to Expressionism, & Scandal<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Free from the constraints of the Academy, Schiele began painting nudes and within a year developed his own unique and definitive style featuring figurative distortions of the human body and unprecedented sexual openness. Though his previous art was considered daring<\/em>, by 1910 Schiele took even bolder steps forward, creating naked figures with bodies that appeared deformed with emaciated, discolored and elongated limbs and fingers. At this time, he also began drawing and painting children.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIn 1911, Schiele and Walburga Neuzil (his 17-year-old model, muse and lover) left Vienna and settled in a small town in Bohemia, where residents strongly disapproved of his employment of teenage girls as models and soon drove the couple out of town. Meanwhile, in Vienna, the first one-man show of Schiele’s art took place at a prestigious gallery. Schiele set up an inexpensive studio in another small municipality 35 km west of Vienna and was subsequently arrested on charges of abusing a girl under the age of consent, and he spent 24 days in prison. From Schiele’s studio, the authorities seized more than 100 drawings (deemed pornographic) and at trial the judge burned one of the drawings over a candle flame in the courtroom. Even though Schiele was acquitted of the charges relating to seduction and abduction of a 13-year-old, he was found guilty of exhibiting erotic drawings in a place accessible to children, and this scandal was never completely forgotten.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Cardinal and Nun (Caress)<\/em>, 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Portrait of Wally Neuzil<\/em>. 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nWalburga (Wally) and Egon were lovers from 1911 to 1915. The Leopold owns the best-known portrait of Wally Neuzil (above) created by Schiele in 1912 when he was nearing the height of his artistic prowess — even though Schiele was only 22-years-old. A gallery in Munich presented the first international solo exhibition of Schiele’s output in 1913, and another solo featuring his works of art was held the following year in Paris. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Stein on the Danube II<\/em>, 1913 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nIn 1914, Egon Schiele took notice of Edith Harms, who lived with her family across from Schiele’s art studio, and in 1915 they were married. When Schiele explained this romance to Wally Neuzil, Wally left him immediately. They never saw each other again.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
House with Shingle Roof<\/em>, 1915 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nEgon Schiele saw his wife Edith on occasion after he was conscripted into the military service in World War I. He continued to draw, paint and exhibit during the war and, in 1917, he returned to Vienna to focus on his career.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Mourning Woman<\/em>, 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
House Wall on the River<\/em>, 1915 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\n\n\n\n <\/figure>\nStill Life with Books {The Artist’s Desk}<\/em>, 1916 (above left) and Portrait of Poldi Lodzinsky<\/em>, 1910 (right) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Crescent of Houses II<\/em>, 1915 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Two Squatting Women<\/em>, 1918 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Self-Portrait with Lowered Head<\/em>, 1912 (above) by Egon Schiele <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nAn Artist Ahead of His Time<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Like Francisco Goya y Lucientes (1746 — 1828) before him, Egon Schiele was an exceptionally creative individual whose art may best be described as ahead of the time<\/em> in which the artist lived. As an alternative to conventional ideas of beauty, Schiele often interpreted the human form by using figural distortion. Many people in 1912, including most scholars and even the most progressive thinkers, found the explicitness of such art works disturbing<\/em> — and over 110 years later you may arrive at the same conclusion. Some of these paintings and drawings, at first glance, do appear deeply disturbing. The point is that Egon Schiele’s art remains fresh, powerful and relevant despite the passage of time. After substantial consideration and reevaluation, we prefer to consider Goya and Schiele as visionaries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Mother with Two Children II<\/em>, 1915 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n
Reclining Woman<\/em>, 1917 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nTriumph & Tragedy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n Schiele’s creative output from 1917 to 1918 was prolific, and his new paintings reflected the maturity of an artist in full control of his talents. In 1918, 50 works of art by Schiele were displayed in the 49th Exhibition of the Vienna Secession. This exhibit marked another triumph for Schiele: many of his paintings sold, prices increased for his drawings, and he received many commissions for portraits.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n
Seated Male Nude (Self-Portrait)<\/em>, 1910 by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\nEdith Schiele was six months pregnant in the autumn of 1918, but she died during that year’s influenza pandemic which took more than 20,000,000 lives in Europe. Egon Schiele at age 28 succumbed to the same disease three days later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Schiele: An Excellent Candidate for Analysis<\/h2>\n\n\n\n During his short lifespan, Schiele created almost 300 self-portraits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The art of Egon Schiele is more than simply provocative<\/em> — it is thought-provoking, beautiful at times, extremely interesting, and certainly challenging. The same could be said for the art of Robert Mapplethorpe (1946 — 1989). The work of both artists featured an array of subjects: portraits and self-portraits, male and female nudes, and still-life images, flowers<\/em> in particular. Both artists were gifted at illustration, and the art they created was deeply personal, introspective and, therefore, in our opinion honest<\/em>. The technical skill of these men is undeniably flawless, to the point where the viewer’s attention immediately shifts to the subject matter. Thus, it is perhaps the subject matter chosen by Schiele and Mapplethorpe that arouses enormous public interest and curiosity, holds the attention of art lovers over time, and demands our analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\nIs Egon Schiele a good candidate for analysis? <\/p>\n\n\n\n
We assume Sigmund Freud would scream “Yes<\/em>!” <\/p>\n\n\n\nIn fact, for Freud this proposition might have represented a dream come true. <\/p>\n\n\n
\n
The Lyricist<\/em>, 1911 (above) by Egon Schiele<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n